Critical Thinking and Perception Essay

What is real? Our perception of reality is often a product of the environment in which we live. In general, we formulate ideas of reality based on our own experiences as well as the experiences of the people around us. Our lives are influenced constantly by our surroundings. I truly believe that perception is a learned skill and not instinctive. Outside of our communities, television, radio and movies sculpt our perception of the outside world. I think most of my thinking at the ordinary level is based on perception, language, and information. At the most there is one logic step: If this than that. I think most thinking takes place in the perceptual stage. These are the questions that arise, How much do I take in? and how do I look at things? This perception is based on habits of perceptions and what I hear, what I read and how I express myself. I understand that we do not need to use much explicit logic because we have already built the logic into our language. For example, killing is ‘bad’ unless justified by war or self-dense. I know that with decisions I followed what was recommended and what my friends were doing and then rationalized it with the following rationalization: Everyone does this and the stock rises for a while and when the market eventually gets a severe correction I rationalize that as well. This rationalization is based on information–not all-available information but a selection that fits what I was inclined to do anyway. I think that logic can be used to reinforce perceptions (and prejudices) but logic and argument will not change perceptions. Perception is more than sensing; it is processing, reacting, and interpreting. Faith Bryne describes perception as, â€Å"detecting the nature of both outer and inner worlds. In many cases, it also means responding in some way, either consciously or unconsciously.† (Perception, 57) Perception is the way we look at things and I think processing is what we do with that perception. In my view if we take processing for granted then perception becomes even more important, because the way we look at a situation will determine what we can do about it. The influences (family, teachers, religion, race, environment, and economic level) that have shaped or conditioned my identity by instilling values, beliefs, viewpoints or a ttitudes that I have accepted without challenge serves as a perceptual block. The situations in which I am less of an individual because of these influences occur when I refuse to understand someone else’s opinion or look for other points of view because of something I have been conditioned to believe is true. I am not one who handles others opinions without asking for them. I am not very consistent in ensuring that my opinions are informed. Often times I have not taken careful consideration of the evidence and have treated opinions as facts especially if I have expressed it to the point that I have begun to believe it as truth. At times, in what matters most I am inclined to assume too much and take too much for granted. I feel the strongest urge to conform when someone is a positive role model and conforming to this type of behavior I believe adds value. However, a situation in which this conformist tendency has interfered with my judgment is following others because it seemed the lesser of two evils. All to often at the workplace this is how some decisions are made just to close an issue that ultimately will recycle. Additionally, I tend to jump or make hasty conclusions more often than I would like. This occurs more so in the area of personal relationships. I have learned that there ar e some errors and bad habits that can lead to shallow or uncritical decisions instead of careful judgments. I have gained the most insight from the following errors and bad habits, which are: Resistance to change (habits), Conformity, Rationalization, Stereotyping, common sense, Oversimplification, Hasty conclusions, and unwarranted assumptions. I think the real key to each the of errors and habits mentioned above is my being conscious of the tendency to do them and to get into the habit of applying and practicing the different ways or approaches to avoiding the blocks to critical thinking. This will be an ongoing process if I am to be in control of my own beliefs, and to somehow gain an understanding of the truth, then I must know what good reasoning is, and be aware of the ways in which my reasoning (and that of others) can go astray. How I tend to perceive certain situations in my life and how others may see it may not always agree with my thinking. This is a big obstacle that I will have to work on being better at and learning how to understand others perceptions. References Brynie, Faith Hickman. (2001). Perception. Blackbirch Press, Inc. (p 57

Porter 5 Forces Analysis Essay

Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis of the Retail Banking Industry in Australia Retail banking can be defined as an industry where financial institutions offer mass market banking in which individual customers use local branches of larger commercial banks. Services offered include savings and checking accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit/credit cards. Retail banking aims to be the one-stop shop for as many financial services as possible on behalf of retail clients. Some retail banks have even made a push into investment services such as wealth management, brokerage accounts, private banking and retirement planning. While some of these ancillary services are outsourced to third parties, they often intertwine with core retail banking accounts like checking and savings to allow for easier transfers and maintenance. When applying the Porter Five Forces in analysing industry competitiveness and how it relates to the retail banking industry, the following outcomes have been found. Threat of new entrants Current Rating – (Low) – Future Rating – (Med) It would be very difficult without the access to large capital for the average person/company/organisation to start up a bank. However with the popularity of Credit Unions, Building societies and the evolution of the internet, there are many traditional banking services such as providing mortgages, car loans, paying bills, on which online entrepreneurs can enter this market segment (www.billbuddy.com.au OR Aus POST). Banks would be fearful of losing part of their traditional revenue raising, because it is a good source of fee-based revenue. Another threat to traditional banking is companies offering other financial services. What would it take for an insurance company to start offering mortgage and loan services? Not much. Also, when applying the threat of entry formula to a regional bank, there is a huge possibility that one of the big 4 entering the market will annihilate it. Competitive Rivalry Current rating – (Low) – Future Rating – (Low) When analysing the competitive rivalry of the big 4 banks, (ANZ, Westpac, Commonwealth and NAB), we quickly realise that the Aus retail banking industry is dominated by these banks and it is not very competitive. The products they offer are very similar, interest rates are very close and all of them have ATM’s everywhere. The financial services industry has been around for hundreds of years and just about everyone who needs banking services already has them. Because of this, banks must attempt to lure clients away from competitor banks. They do this by offering lower financing, preferred rates, investment services and access to cash almost 24/7. The banking sector is in a race to see who can offer both the best and fastest services. In the long run, we’re likely to see more consolidation in the banking industry. Larger banks would prefer to take over or buy a large stake in other financial service providers (Commonwealth & Aussie), (Commonwealth & Bank West) and (Westpac & BOM). The Main threat to the big 4 would be small & foreign banks trying to gain market share. However, the big 4 have 83% of the mortgage market share compared to 11.5% of the small banks and 5.3% of the foreign owned banks*. So there is a lot of ground to make up. *Source – Aus Banking Industry Report, Page 14 (May 2011). Threat of Substitutes Current rating – (Med) – Future Rating – (High) There are some substitutes in the banking industry. Banks offer a suite of services over and above taking deposits and lending money, but whether it is insurance, mutual funds or fixed income securities, chances are there is a non-retail banking financial services company that can offer similar services. On the lending side of the business, banks are seeing competition rise from unconventional companies. An example of this would be car manufacturers financing customers by offering 0% financing, why would anyone want to get a car loan from the bank and pay up to 10% interest? Suppliers – Relative Bargaining Power Current rating – (Low) – Future Rating – (Low) The suppliers of capital might not pose a big threat especially when the banks viability was/is guaranteed by the federal government during the height of the GFC. On the labour side, the threat of union interruptions is very low to non-existent. The banks have been quite clever in moving a lot of the front line staff offshore though call centres to ensure that the labour supply is cheap and sustained. This is further supported by the huge uptake of online banking by customers. Buyer – Relative Bargaining Power Current rating – (Low) – Future Rating – (Low) The individual doesn’t pose much of a threat to the banking industry, but one major factor affecting the power of buyers is relatively high switching costs. If a person has a mortgage, car loan, credit card, checking account and mutual funds with one particular bank, it can be extremely tough for that person to switch to another bank. In an attempt to lure in customers, banks try to lower the price of switching, but many people would still rather stick with their current bank. On the other hand, large corporate clients have banks wrapped around their little fingers. Financial institutions by offering better exchange rates, more services, and exposure to foreign capital markets – work extremely hard to get high margin corporate clients. Industry Attractiveness One can conclude based on the outcomes of this analysis, that the retail banking industry would be a very difficult and an unattractive market to be considered by a potential competitor. More particularly for the following reasons; * The large market share of the big 4 banks (who pretty much have the market sawn up), * New loan application numbers have retracted significantly and have not rebounded since the GFC, * the need to have access to large amounts of capital,  * low margins by lower interest rates, * high borrowing cost, * Non-traditional lenders such as car manufactures offering extremely low finance rates, * With all these factors in mind, the barriers to entry are quite high.

Strategic management 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic management 1 - Essay Example The fundamental intention of the value chain structure is to make the most of value formation whereas playing down the expenditures. When managers seek to recognize the primary actions within the organization which make up the organization’s value chain, as well as, a competitive advantage that is sustainable to the organization, value chain analysis technique is the most preferred by the managers. The competitive advantage that is enjoyed by an organization stretches out in its capability to carry out vital actions along the value chain better compared to the organization’s competitors. In the endeavor to explain the significance of the value chain analysis technique as a tool for strategic management in an organization, Toyota Motors Company is the focal point that this paper bases its argument. The value chain analysis is run cautiously by linkages which happen to be a crucial competitive advantage source. The value chain analysis fundamentally involves the linkages of both areas. The chain connects the worthiness of the organization’s actions with its primary operational segments. Thereafter, the distinguishing of the involvement of every segment in the general added worthiness to the commercial interest is formed. In line with conducting a value chain analysis, the organization is divided into the most important and holding up actions. The most important actions are concerned with the production activities by the company, whereas the holdings up actions are involved with provision of the necessary background efficiency and effectiveness of the organization including the management process by the human resource. Internal analysis is involved with recognizing and evaluating resources, their capabilities, as well as, the central part competencies. Therefore, it is im perative for organizations such Toyota Motors Company to comprehend that the

Energy Commission Poised to Boost Building Energy Standards Essay

Energy Commission Poised to Boost Building Energy Standards - Essay Example Most investors in the housing industry and manufacturers of various building materials support the new building standards. However, the implementation of the new act depends on the attitude of on the politicians. Analysis The issue of global warming has become a contentious in modern society. The connection between global warming and energy consumption is a matter of political interest. The author of this article has a fair distinction between facts and ideologies. According to the author, overdependence of modern economy on fossil fuel is the sole cause of global warming. In this case, the author does not analyze other source of green house gases that that have an equal impact on the environment. However, the author acknowledges the significance of global politics in the implementation of environmental protection laws. The issues discussed in the article are relevant to me as a resident of California. Firstly, the article identifies the responsibility that Americans have in relation to environmental and energy conservation. In addition, the author identifies the significance of politics in the implementation of environmental related laws. ... America uses its position of been the main global oil consumer to influence global politics particularly the Middle East politics. Global warming and environmental degradation are issue of major concern to the public. This is because the public is the most affected by the resultant consequences of global warming. The future of the country and the world in relation to global warming and environmental conservation relies on the effort of every individual and not the political effort of the country. The author has a valid argument concerning the slow down in implementing environmental and energy conservation policies. This is due to current position of the country in global economy in relation to crude oil consumption. Energy consumption and its implication on the country’s economy is the main factor that determines the level of the country’s involvement on environmental conservation matter. In addition, the future of America’s global influence depends on the signif icance of the country on global economy. This makes oil a critical factor in America’s global influence. Did Democracy Cause the Recession That Led to the Constitution? Summary US citizens identify the country’s economy and democracy as their main source of national pride. During the great economic recession of 1780 s, all free American citizens believed that the thirteen states American legislature was responsible for providing a possible solution to the recession problem (Holton 445). However not all American citizens were conversant with the role of the assembly in relation to their control of supply of money and debt collection. At the same time, the Federalist accused the Lower House of Representatives for mismanaging taxpayer’s money. These accusations

Imagery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Imagery - Essay Example I noticed that soon the sidewalk was empty, which was such a change from the hustle and bustle of people running to get to their classes. You could tell the students had all been there, with the many pieces of litter lying in the shrubs, there had been quite a lot of activity before classes started. Someone's research paper had blown into the wind and lodged itself, rather conspicuously, underneath the bushes. Perhaps there had been a scuffle and the papers were lost in the haste. I felt bad for the person whose paper it was. The grass was trampled on and there was just the silence and the sparkling pieces of cement on the concrete, which awaited the end of the day when it would be filled with the footsteps of those searching knowledge on the campus. I watched a lone man walk demurely towards the gates, either coming or going in his haste to follow his timetable. I could see the students laughing and swimming in the swimming pool. They looked like they were having so much fun. After leaving the swimming pool area we went past the lamppost that stood tall and rested as if asleep until nightfall, when it would shine like a beacon for those who needed to access the campus at that time of night. Without the students lining the walkways the sidewalks were barren.

Russo-Japanese War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Russo-Japanese War - Essay Example an itself, the danger of foreign military intervention, a crisis in its traditional feudal society, the rise of commerce, and a disaffected peasantry led to an intense internal power struggle and finally to a revolutionary change in the country's society and a thoroughgoing modernization program, one that brought Japan the economic and military strength to resist foreign nations. The opposing forces in Japan's civil war were lined up between the supporters of the ruling Tokugawa family, which headed a rigid hierarchical feudal society, and the supporters of the emperor Meiji, whose court had been isolated from any significant government role. The civil war culminated in 1868 in the overthrow of the Tokugawa government and the restoration of the rule of the Emperor. The Meiji Restoration also brought new interest groups to the centre of political power and instigated a radical redirection of Japan's economic development. The nub of the changeover was the destruction of the traditional feudal social system and the building of a political, social, and economic framework conducive to capitalist industrialization. The new state actively participated in the turnabout by various forms of grants and guarantees to enterprising industrialists and by direct investment in basic industries such as railways, shipbuilding, communications, and machinery. The concentration of resources in the industrial sector was matched by social reforms that eliminated feudal restrictions, accelerated mass education, and encouraged acquisition of skills in the use of Western technology. The ensuing industrialized economy provided the means for Japan to hold its own in modern warfare and to withstand foreign economic competition. The leaders of the new government considered national security and... The war demonstrated the defensive strength of entrenched automatic weapons and the offensive power of indirect artillery fire. Russia, in losing every battle on land and sea, betrayed ominous military deficiencies; Japan, displaying the professionalism of its armed services, vaulted to great power status and destroyed forever the myth of Western invincibility.A victorious Japan forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East, becoming the first Asian power in modern times to defeat a European power. The defeat of Russia was met with shock both in the West and especially across Asia. That a non-Western country could defeat an established power in such a large military conflict was particularly inspiring to various anti-colonial independence movements around the world. Japanese historians think this war was a turning point of Japan and a key to understanding why Japan failed militarily and politically later. The acrimony that occurred in Japan's society went to every class and level, and shortly became the consensus within Japan that they had been treated as the defeated power during the peace conference. The world’s major powers, nevertheless, failed to heed the lesson of how modern technol-ogy had transformed land warfare into a deadly morass. Assimilating these lessons would be bought with blood and treasure only nine years later on the fields of World War I

A Moment of Silence in Illinois Public Schools Essay

A Moment of Silence in Illinois Public Schools - Essay Example Firstly, from the legal point of view opponents claim that the mandatory school prayer introduced by the State is unconstitutional. In Illinois, as reported in the Chicago tribunal, Governor Red Blagojevich attempted to veto the bill on the grounds of separation of church and the state but was defeated. It is indeed true that public schools must remain neutral as far as religion is concerned, they may not endorse a particular religion at the demise of another one, may not endorse secularism over religion or endorse secularism over religion (Robinson 2000). The amends in the legislation to the Illinois act makes it flexible by accommodating diverse religious belief and introducing freedom and choice of observing ones belief according to many legal experts. Dave Smith a member of Illinois Family Institute [IFI] which has been lobbying for the bill in an interview said that it is good to see that the state is finally recognizing that citizens have freedom of religion and not freedom fro m religion. (Haynes, 2007) Even so, for the Act to be successful its implementation protocol is vital, according to Haynes and Thomas, parents, religious leaders and the community should be educated on three basic policies, one; The primary responsibility for the education of children still lie with the parents, secondly; schools must protect the religious freedom of students of all faiths and those of no faith and lastly; Public debate must be conducted with respect, civility and indifferent to the diverse religious beliefs of the society. (Loconte, 1996) Secondly, from the religious point of view, Christians believe that prayers should be subject-driven and not object-driven; thus an individual should instigate prayers from within for the prayers to have value otherwise the value of prayer diminishes if it is mandated hence defeats the purpose, a parent reacting to the act in the Christian website lamented that she wanted her children to want to pray not have to. But religious experts differ and hold the view that introduction of religious practices in schools in the long run help to nurture a moral society, on this grounds, religious lobbyists are in the view that it is possible to administer prayer and statement from variety of religion and secular philosophies without trivializing any religion or violating the constitution by concentrating on fundamental universal values taught by all the religious groups (Robinson, 2000). This can be done through signing up for the "Three R's Project" that is Rights, Responsibility and Respect. T his project has been introduced in many states successfully and it basically postulates that the Fist amendment provision was to maintain respect for individual conscience, and that it implies a set of civic principles for affirming religion in the public all its diversity. Thus multi ethnicity does not have to mute all religious influence. (Loconte, 1996) Another Christian classical notion is mandatory prayers in public schools will interfere with harmony between different religions

Explain the content and effect of the UK law relating to money Essay

Explain the content and effect of the UK law relating to money laundering - Essay Example The world estimate for the amount of money involved in money laundering is around US$ 500 billion to US$ 1.5 trillion. This is a huge amount of money by any calculation to the financial systems involved. The problem is grim and the dimensions are enormous and the steps taken to contain this problem are monumental. Added to this is the money got from other countries through corrupt dictators. Chamberlain (2002) describes this scenario and illustrates the "difficulties involved in recovering assets that are the proceeds of grand corruption by politicians and officials who have held high office" in African countries. In these cases the corruption has reached the scale that the culprits ensure that their gains are put outside the jurisdiction of the victim country and laundered to disguise their origins. "Clearly the problem is enormous. It is also clear that money laundering extends far beyond hiding drug profits. In the UK this is evidenced in the legislation that has been enacted to c ounter this crime. For example, confiscation and money laundering provisions are contained in the Drug Trafficking Offences Act 1986 (DTOA), in the Criminal Justice Act 1988 and the Criminal Justice (International Co-operation) Act 1990. These provisions focus particularly on drug trafficking." 1 UK laws pertaining to money laundering These laws address the issues of money laundering and financing terrorist outfits. In the UK, and also in other countries, these two have been recognized as very serious crimes. These two crimes greatly contribute to the globally ongoing unlawful activities of crimes that are organized by terrorist organizations and other criminals (Dayanath, 2003; Johnson, 2003). The scopes of these activities are difficult to gauge and the magnitude is unknown in the UK, since these activities are very secretive and enigmatic. The UK Government, however, has recently made moves to strengthen its laws and improve their ability to investigate these crimes on a global scale. 2 Two laws pertaining to Money Laundering were enacted in the UK in recent years since preventing money laundering and governing its legislation are relatively new concepts. With the 11/9 bombing that took place in New York these laws have become essential in containing these heinous crimes (Johnson, 2003). To put in very simple lay man terms, the UK law looks very strongly at those accused or even suspected of being involved in a money laundering racket. A person can be sentenced to 14 years in jail; what is significant here is that there can be no remission on this sentence. One cannot claim any kind of ignorance or coercion in this case and hence this cannot be treated as defence. Whether one likes it or not, if a person is aware that another person in an organization is guilty of money laundering of some sort, he or she is bound by law to report the same to the authorities. Salient features of the law Money laundering crimes are on the increase in the UK and hence these acts have come at the right juncture. It provides the general legal basis and framework

Information Systems and Business Processes Essay

Information Systems and Business Processes - Essay Example This approach will affect the revenue and cost of running the video game business (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, it will allow proper understanding and incorporation of the management approach since the business strategic assets as a process will allow the managers to understand, improve, and manage value-adding services to the clients or children. Business information systems are usually applied in the business processes to provide required information in delivering services to the clients. The advancement in the internet provides services provide a perfect platform for the business information systems to be used effective and interactively in service delivery (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, in the video game business, the internet will be used to source the information from the clients or children and the service or game provider (Dumas, 2013). Additionally, the business will apply the computer technology or the already readily available software for billing and timin g the game. The use of these technologies will ensure that even distribution time to all games is achieved. Additionally, the same software will enable the business to calculate its profits or losses as it is expected that the system will register all times used per computer. Notably, effective application of the timing and billing technology of the video games per video game will reduce cost of running the business since only one employee may be able to run all the computers in the rooms from a central point. Moreover, there will be increased efficiency and effectiveness in running the business. However, a challenge may emerge when (Halpin at el., 2011); the entrusted employee to the business learns a new technique or mode of adjusting time to these systems. In essence, if that occurs, then losses may be registered without knowing since calculations of time and cumulative amount generated in the business will be calculated from coded data. When such may be the case, then the busine ss plans to incorporate additional data point that is only known to the business owner (Dumas, 2013). This data storage point must code the same information as that managed by the employee; however, edition of such information must never affect its data. Additionally, the systems using internet are usually pound to virus threats. To ensure that all the games are accessible effectively and efficiently at all times to the clients, the business shall ensure that it is abreast with all antivirus software among other new technologies in the market that protect it products and services from being effective to the clients (Halpin at el., 2011). To ensure that children do not misuse the internet by login into antisocial site, the business will use internet technological software or knowledge to ensure that such site are not accessible within its servers (Halpin at el., 2011). Additionally, the business shall ensure that only its programs can operate through its products or computer systems (Brocke and Rosemann, 2010). Therefore, to ensure that this is achieved and children maintain high morals without being unethical and antisocial within the business enterprise, complicated software such as the windows 2008 will be installed so children can only access limited applications. Nonetheless, the use of such complicated software will also increase creativity and critical thinking of the

M4A2-Theory and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

M4A2-Theory and Development - Essay Example A particular cultural practice determines the kind of commodities consumed (Diller, 2011, p. 167). A firm must, therefore, undertake investigation to ensure segmentation is done to fit a particular niche based on a people’s culture. In so doing, a firm benefits as products will sell making it possible to expand production capacity with less inventory accumulation. A firm motivates by incorporating every group in its work force ranging from migrants, underrepresented to disables who are further rewarded based on performance at different levels and not fixed at a 100% performance evaluation (Bullen, LeFave, Selig, & Chittenden, 2010, p. 134). Employee’s promotions should also be fair based on inclusiveness as talents are not attached to disability as well as minority and hence top management should comprise all groups. A firm further ensures teamwork by including every lot in decision making process based on the principle of triangulation as ideas generated from different employees debated and harmonized to yield increased productivity and its associated sales (Hoffmann, 2007, p. 125). A motivated employee via being incorporated in decision making feels part of success and will further put all his effort to achieve given set goals. Cultural diversity has become an inevitable area for keenness for any success oriented firm. Many consumers show variations in terms of products needs deeply rooted in traditional cultures and traditions (Yajima, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry & Socio-economic Research Center, 2006, p. 124). Cross-cultural motivations of both employees and the consumers through promotions, inclusion in decision making process, top management as well as issuance of gifts to loyal customers has become a feature employed by multivendor Inc. to attract brightest talents in its labor force as well retention of customers who further

Dream of equal schooling Essay Example for Free

Dream of equal schooling Essay Mr. Borsuk also found that with the exception of the element of religion in the voucher schools—an issue many feel is a violation of the separation of church and state â€Å"it’s the same story that’s being played out in urban classrooms across America—a story of poverty, limited resources, poor leadership and broken families. † (2006). Based on firsthand experience observations garnered from visiting each and every voucher school that would allow it, Borsuk concluded that at least ten of the 106 schools visited appeared to â€Å"lack the ability, resources, knowledge or will to offer children even a mediocre education†¦. most of these were led by individuals who had little to no background in running schools and no resources other than state payments. † (Borsuk 2006). Nine of the voucher schools would not allow the reporters to observe their work, making one wonder why the secrecy? Like everything on earth, some bad must come along with the good. Alex’s Academics of Excellence happened to be a school begun by a convicted rapist, and kept on enrolling students even after allegations of drug use by staff on school grounds and a DA’s investigation. Thankfully, Alex’s, along with three others have closed—as a result of outside intervention, not due to parental outcry. Conservatives have focused on the undeniable problems in our public school systems as a reason for the voucher system. They say that the voucher system gives â€Å"choice† to parents and students, but in reality they are more interested in privatizing the schools, effectively removing them from â€Å"public oversight and responsibility. † (Special Voucher 2000). The alternative to the voucher system would be to â€Å"invest in our public schools, not abandon them,† according to the more liberal stance. Our society knows how to teach children, it just tends to do that job in unequal measures. Many times a disproportionate amount of money is spent on the already privileged children rather than on the low income areas. Perhaps the largest distinguishing factor in voucher schools comes down to religion. Many of the students in the voucher program schools pray together in class, read the Bible, the Torah, or attend Mass. Even parents who are not particularly religious feel their children will get a better education and learn moral values when placed in a parochial school. While the religious aspect is a sticking point for those who advocate the separation of church and state, the religious schools are the fastest growing area of voucher schools, and many parents who were interviewed felt their children were receiving a much better education in a parochial school than they did in public schools. Martin Carnoy, a Stanford University professor has been critical of the voucher system, pointing to the fact that other states are not participating. â€Å"No other places jumped on the bandwagon, and I think the reason is they don’t see anything spectacular and terrific happening. Basically, they can live without it. † (Borsuk 2006). It is felt in many sectors that the voucher program has been a huge drain on resources, taking away money and attention from the some 85,000 students who still attend regular MPS schools. These students are effectively losing out so that others can attend private schools. (Borsuk 2006). How do other states feel about the voucher system? The Florida State Supreme Court ruled on January 5, 2006 that Governor Jeb Bush’s pilot voucher program was illegal because it â€Å"violates the provision in the state constitution that prohibits using taxpayer money to finance a private alternative to the public education system. † (OnWEAC 2006). The decision was 5-2 and the court stated that the voucher school program hurt public education because it diverted public dollars into private systems. Voucher schools are being rejected at a national level as in November, 2005, a group of 23 House Republican’s â€Å"bucked its party’s leaders and defeated an effort to include a private school voucher plan in the House budget reconciliation bill. † (OnWEAC 2006). The question remains: What is the future of the Wisconsin Voucher system? From September, 2005 to January, 2006, the number of low income students attending voucher schools dropped sharply, a decline of nearly 1500 students. This could be due to the fact that three voucher schools were closed because they did not meet minimum standards, or perhaps the reasons are more far-reaching. (School Choice 2006). The Laws have recently expanded the eligibility of voucher recipients, now allowing students who are in schools that have ranked in the â€Å"academic emergency† or â€Å"academic watch† category for the past three years to receive vouchers. (School Choice 2006) The Maine Supreme Judicial Court recently upheld a very controversial state law that prohibits students from using publicly funded vouchers for religious schools. Justice Donald Alexander wrote that the â€Å"state is not compelled to pay for religious education; even though the U. S. Supreme Court has ruled that these programs are constitutionally permissible. † (School Choice 2006). Although this was a Maine case, the issue may soon arise in Wisconsin as well. Wisconsin has done its best and tried many alternatives, gone down many roads to improve the education of their children. Nobody can fault them for this, however it is clear that it is still far from a level playing field, and that more reforms are in order, more programs that guarantee each child a quality education. References: Borsuk, Alan J. (January 3, 2004). Dream of equal schooling is unrealized. Accessed on May 3, 2006 from: http://www.jsonline.com

Education Essay Example for Free

Education Essay â€Å"The foundation of every state is the education of its youth†- Unknown Schools have been used as an avenue to encourage social control from many centuries ago whether it was for the betterment of our forefathers or to merely control them. They reinforce and transform young minds with the tools necessary to survive in this changing world and thus, prepare them for global independence. As a result, education has become critical since our system has been built upon the concept of the enlightened citizen, that is, an individual in touch with its cultural heritage who possess a working knowledge of the factors that make up the human ecosystem; an individual who understand the law, rights and responsibilities, possess the attitudes of fair play and co-operation and quality in the character and work of self and others. (Hartoonian, 1985) The instrument in building an enlightened citizen and thus prepare future leaders, is the curriculum. Hence, the curriculum ought to be tailored to produce citizens who recognize themselves as â€Å"Trinbagonians† and not individuals who see themselves as distant citizens of Africa, India or England. In this regard, leaders in politics, classroom, education, as well as businesses, should see themselves as leaders of â€Å"Trinbagonians† and not as â€Å"tribal† representatives. If we encourage constant talks of ethnic imbalance, then we will make race a defining issue of being a â€Å"Trinbagonian† Did our forefathers make race a defining issue when they fought for freedom and liberation from colonialism? Dr. Eric Williams and Dr. Rudranath Capildeo both petitioned for full internal self-government for all the peoples regardless of race, religion and ethnicity. Unfortunately, politicians today are prepared to clearly pass the blame of ethnicity and cultural imbalances from one party to another, rather than come up with solutions on how to deal with the issue at hand. Isn’t it part of their civic duty to govern the country without encouraging citizens to be subjected to any form of discrimination or inequality? Rather than pass the blame, all citizens, including our leaders should work towards obtaining a cohesive society; one which has developed satisfactory ways of coping with ethnic and cultural diversity and other strains in an open and democratic manner. This means taking action to reduce inequalities and restore equity so that these various divisions remain manageable and do not grow so as to threaten the stability of society (The European Committee for Social Cohesion). As a result, schools can foster the development of students’ cultural identity via citizenship education. Citizenship education evolves cohesion richness because the curriculum encourages, listens to and acts on student voice; focuses on authentic issues that are actionable and a curriculum that is learner led; supports the importance of playing an active part in democracy and develops skills of enquiry and communication. Therefore, school activities should encourage multiculturalism rather than ethnocentrism because ethnocentrism is viewed as lacking acceptance of cultural diversity and intolerance for outgroups (Berry Kalin, 1995). By exploring one’s history and sharing cultural traditions, beliefs and values, students can become more tolerant of diversity. As schools provide a safe and positive environment for all students regardless of their diversity, they also promote a sense of cohesiveness in the community. Trinidad and Tobago is referred sometimes as a pluralistic society because of its diversity in cultures, ethnicity and religion. From an early age of globalization, representatives from metropolitan governments, entrepreneurs, farmers, and workers arrived to this land in search of economic benefits for their homelands. As trade became insufficiently profitable, the Africans and East Indians were brought to this land as slaves and indentured labourers, respectively. The fact that these different groups came from different geographical origins and under different circumstances, arose a multitude of social and ethnic differences to which the colonializers used as a game to divide and rule. The majority of our ancestors were African and East Indian descendants and so could have been considered as â€Å"transience† in that they were either forced or tricked into being here. As such, they rallied together to fight for freedom and liberation and thus, out of Independence and Republicism, a nation was born. We acquired our symbols of nationhood and forged towards protecting and promoting our democracy. According to Dr. Eric Williams, democracy means recognition of the rights of others; equality of opportunity for all in education, in the public service, and in private employment; freedom of worship for all and the subordination of right of any race to the overriding right of the human race. Although we were a democratic nation, the effects of colonialism were still clearly pervasive in our government system, our education system and even in our social lifestyles. However, the cultural traits of the Spanish, English and French were incorporated with the African and other immigrants’ cultures to form one distinct culture, creolization; a combination of customs, cuisine, language and traditions that have marked the sociocultural development of this nation but, our leaders once again are to blame for the lack of promoting this cultural identity. According to sociologists, children learn what they live. Through the evolution of technology like better and cheaper communication, faster trade from all over the world and all the other commodities that the internet provides, our children are exposed to new cultures and thus, is being reinforced into the thinking of everything foreign is better. As a result, our Caribbean lifestyles have changed drastically for example, preferences of eating habits, dress, music and other social activities which have led to poor nutrition and communicable diseases; and so too, our cultural identity. Are our children exposed to their culture on a regular basis? Are programmes sharing our national heritage, our local music, our dance and traditions, readily available? How are our young ones going to become aware of their true identity if there are few opportunities for them to experience it? How do we develop and foster our cultural identity? To begin with, most of the inhabitants of Trinidad and Tobago are citizens by birth so, legally, they are Trinbagonians. As children begin to develop a sense of identity as individuals and as members of groups from their earliest interactions with others, one of the most basic types of identity is ethnic identity, which entails an awareness of one’s membership in a social group that has a common culture (Trumbull et al. , 2001). An identity is important for people’s sense of self and how they relate to others. For our citizens to feel a sense of commitment to the land they were born and thus promote a cohesive society, citizenship education can be an effective tool because it improves students’ attitude and loyalty towards their country as well as critical thinking skills which are crucial for social and economic transformation (Howe, G. D. Marshall, D. D. , UNESCO 1999). It helps them become informed, thoughtful and responsible citizens who are aware of their rights and responsibilities (UNESCO, 2003). Schools are seen as the best avenue to foster the development of one’s identity. They are a primary agent of socialization. It is here children develop trust, independence, the tendency to take initiative, the sense of competence and ambition, decisions about who one is, build relationships with others, make decisions about future generations and reflections on one’s life; in keeping with Erikson’s stages of development. The Ministry of Education of Trinidad and Tobago has adopted a philosophy based on the beliefs that every child has an inherent right to an education regardless their cultural background and that every child has the ability to learn and should be provided for his/her holistic development. Secondly, that the ethical and moral concerns are central to human development and survival and thirdly, fundamental constructs such as â€Å"decency,† â€Å"justice,† â€Å"respect,† â€Å"kindness,† â€Å"equality, â€Å"love,† â€Å"honesty,† and â€Å"sensitivity,† are major determinants of the survival of our multicultural society (Ministry Of Education Policy Paper, 1993 2003) thus, reinforcing citizenship and multiculturalism. Therefore, school activities should encourage multiculturalism rather than ethnocentrism because ethnocentrism is viewed as lacking acceptance of cultural diversity and intolerance for outgroups (Berry Kalin, 1995). Multicultural education was developed to promote structural equity and cultural pluralism. It is an opportunity because a society that learns to live with diversity is likely to achieve faster rates of economic growth and social development- if only by avoiding ethnic conflict (Smith, A. ). Educators must understand how factors of diversity can assist in enhancing learning and development of the children in their classroom because all schools have classrooms that comprises of students from multicultural backgrounds. According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, the development of a child is influenced by his interrelations with the multiple environmental contexts in which he lives and grows. This can play a part in shaping their cultural background as well as affect their behaviour and academic performance. As a result, educators’ behavioural instructions and differentiated techniques, appropriate teaching materials and adequate support and partnership among the school’s community should be effectively organized to meet the learning needs and abilities of very student and thus make their educational experiences the best possible. Schools can implement citizenship education in their curriculum and provide real life experiences to teach students how to exercise their rights and responsibilities. Provide programmes that seek to develop good character through honesty, integrity, self-discipline and hard work. Allow them to participate in activities that will allow the m to resolve conflicts nonviolently, use their talents wisely, participate in community-building activities, and build respect for themselves and others. Students can also participate in programmes that focus on how government and other institutions work and the importance of planning. They are encouraged to critically analyze and understand the interplay of social, economic and political forces in order to improve society. Identify and discuss citizens who have significantly contributed to their society and also encourage students to participate in activities to represent their school. A teacher’s job is to provide an effective learning environment for their students. As such, creating an environment by promoting diversity through the decoration in the classroom can create a sense of belonging and prevent discrimination. Posters used should offer different cultural perspectives and include people of different ages and races. Literature and other resources should carefully be selected so as to foster diversity and be relevant to students’ needs. Teachers should also set an example by making positive remarks, respect all students’ feelings and encourage students to be respectful to one another. In addition, using differentiated instructions to cater to the needs of all learners can promote inclusion. Planning teaching/learning instructions to be more constructive so as to engage students in active learning experiences and make learning meaningful and enjoyable can also promote multiculturalism in the classroom. One way is through the use of technology because in my class, students eagerly engage in learning when ICT is used. Another is the use of personnel (student/parents) to share cultural experiences, for example, the Hindus can share their experiences in celebrating Divali with the class for example, I teacher at a Roman Catholic school and there was a time when the Hindu parents organized a programme for the school to sanitize them on the festival. Students and teachers were invited to wear East Indian gabs and tudents were taught the names of familiar things in Hindi. It was an enjoyable experience for most of us. By encouraging other students to share their cultural beliefs and practices, students become aware of their differences as well as similarities and thus become more appreciative and tolerant. From a Vygotskian perspective†¦a major role of schooling is to create social contexts for the mastery of and conscious awareness in the use of†¦cultural tools (Trumbull et al. 2001). Celebrating students’ achievements can motivate and foster their self-esteem. As such, schools should promote achievement day and open-day so parents can see their children work and progress made in school. This also deepens the relationship between the school and parents because in educating a child, it takes cooperation and involvement from educators, parents, families, and the community. As research has shown, the greater the family and community involvement in schools, the greater the students’ achievement (Niemiec, R. Sikorski, M. , Walberg, 1999) will be. Educators must also ensure that the measures used to assess students’ performance and progress is fair and just and caters for every learner’s ability. Through the use of performance assessments and continuous assessments like projects and journals, students are able to reflect on their work and make improvements and thus, take charge of their learning. Leaders must be able to represent the needs o f all whenever they hold any position of authority. The proper management of activities in a school is the responsibility of individual principals as curriculum leaders in their school. Therefore, he/she must manage their school in a fair and democratic manner so as to ensure social justice and equity and make students, teachers and parents comfortable and safe. When citizens understand their democratic rights, they will be able to act in government fairly and responsibly. They will demonstrate true patriotism and loyalty as they show belief in the people that they serve. As our country continues to exhibit great diversity, the need for understanding and accepting the differences among all people has never been more important (Gomez, Rey A. , 1991). Through education, children can learn to accept others, become accustomed to the idea that there are many lifestyles, languages, cultures, and points of view and develop a sense of being citizens of a nation. Additionally, education for social cohesion is possible once it is practiced in schools; both in the classrooms and at the managerial and organizational level, and projected on the surrounding communities. Teachers must consider childrens cultural identities and be aware of their own biases. It is tempting to deny our prejudices and claim that we find all children equally appealing. Teachers and parents need to acknowledge the fact that we, like our children, are inevitably influenced by the stereotypes and one-sided view of society that exists in our schools and the media. Not only must we recognize those biases, but we must change the attitude they represent by accepting all children as we receive them (Gomez, Rey A. 1991). Thus, when our children grow up and hold any position of authority, they will act in a more responsible manner and promote democracy. It was through the exposure of all the cultures from our forefathers, whether they were imposed on them or freely practiced, a unique culture was formed. â€Å"We have learnt to live together rather than merely side- by- side. † (Laughlin, N. ) For that reason, we should work more on appreciating this culture and assisting ou r fellow Caribbean brothers and sisters in building one region.

Development of Parkinsons Disease Research

Development of Parkinsons Disease Research The Descendants In the spring of 1988, neurologist Larry Golbe at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Jersey conducted a routine examination of a 48-year-old man David. David was diagnosed with PD ten years earlier. A few weeks after the meeting, David died. After the funeral, Davids brother Frank came to see Golbe, as he was concerned that he also might have PD. After giving Frank a full examination, Golbe confirmed that he had the disease, and started a broad family study to search for any other relatives who might have contracted PD. During his examination, Frank told him the family originated in Contursi, a small village in Italy. Several months after Franks visit, Golbe got a visit from a woman with classic symptoms of PD. After Golbe had examined her, he wondered whether there might be something wrong apart from the PD. The patient, Joyce, told him she was of Italian descent, from a small village called Contursi. Golbe immediately made the connection between David and Joyce. He called his senior colleague Roger Duvoisin, and together they embarked on a complex task of medical detection. A year later, Larry Golbe went to Contursi, Italy to meet with Dr. Salvatore La Sala and his Italian collaborator, the neurologist Giuseppe Di Iorio. They plotted the family tree on a huge chart and found that David and Joyce were seventh cousins. They were two of 574 descendants of a couple who married around 1700. The remarkable finding was that 61 of the recent descendants had developed PD, and that descendants had a 50 percent chance of inheriting the bad gene. Golbe and his team collected blood samples from members of the kindred to take them to New Jersey for DNA analysis. Such analysis might identify the specific genetic mutation and provide clues as to how it caused PD to develop. In the years ahead Duvoisins team failed to capitalize on its discovery because they lacked the specialized skills needed to find the gene. On August 28, 1995, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) held a special workshop about PD. The NINDS director, Zach Hall, had asked Roger Duvoisin to present a progress report on the Contursi kindred. It had now been seven years since they had completed the family pedigree, and people were becoming impatient at the lack of progress. After the meeting, Hall asked Bob Nussbaum, a 46-year-old geneticist from the NIH, if he would be interested in mapping and sequencing the gene. Nussbaum was enthusiastic about the idea and suggested that he worked with his colleague Mihael Polymeropoulos. The geneticists used a process called linkage analysis to locate the gene. By taking blood samples from large numbers of both affected and healthy members of the Contursi kindred, geneticists can pinpoint the gene to a small region of the genome. Within nine days, Polymeropoulos and Nussbaum found the gene in a small region (band 21) of the long arm (q) of chromosome 4. The genetic zip code is 4q21. It took another nine months before they located the precise address within the zip code and sequenced the mutated gene. They checked the sequence against GenBank and found a hit. The mutated gene was called SNCA, which coded for a brain protein called alpha-synuclein. A single base change in the genes code produced a mutant form of the protein, which caused affected individuals to contract PD. Maria Grazia Spillantini, an Italian Alzheimers researcher working in England, had developed special staining techniques to visualize alpha-synclein in brain tissues. On a hunch, she used the stain to search for alpha-synuclein in brain specimens of deceased PD patients. Even though these patients lacked the Contursi mutation, she found lots of alpha-synuclein. She found it in Lewy bodies. As you recall, Lewy bodies are found inside the brain tissues of PD patients. In 1997 no one knew what Lewy bodies were made of. Spillantini had found the answer: they are made of alpha-synuclein. Heiko Braak, the legendary neuoanatomist at Goethe University in Frankfurt, was inspired by the discovery that Lewy bodies were made of alpha-synuclein. He embarked on a massive PD project. Using alpha-synuclein staining, Braak looked for Lewy pathology, and he hunted not only in the brain but in the rest of the body. He found that the location of Lewy pathology appeared to change as the disease progressed. Braak argued that this was compelling evidence that PD started perhaps decades before any tremor or rigidity appeared. He suggested that the disease was possibly triggered by an infection in the gut and/or nose and spread throughout the brain in six anatomical stages that mapped into the pattern of symptoms found in epidemiological studies like the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Stage 1: loss of smell and constipation Stage 2: REM sleep behavior disorder Stage 3: Classic PD tremor, rigidity, slowness of movement Stage 4: Loss of balance Stages 5 and 6: dementia (when the pathology spreads to the forebrain and the neocortex) Since the 1997 discovery of the alpha-synuclein mutation, some eighteen potential genetic forms of PD turned up. In 2003, a group of Mayo Clinic and NIH geneticists announced a discovery of another family kindred with an inherited form of PD. The team of geneticists had been hunting for the gene since the mid-1990s. First they looked for gene mutations but found nothing. Eventually they discovered that the Iowa kindred PD wasnt caused by a point mutation of the gene. They found that affected members of the kindred had extra copies of the normal alpha-synuclein gene on chromosome 4. That means more alpha-synuclein protein is being pumped into the affected individuals bodies. This discovery showed that you didnt need a mutation to get PD, too much alpha-synuclein can cause PD. The discoveries attracted the attention of the Cambridge Professor Chris Dobson. Four decades of research had convinced Dobson that proteins were implicated in a range of diseases from inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis to neurodegenerative conditions like PD and Alzheimers. He speculated that because many diseases appeared to be connected with misbehaving proteins, one day it might be possible to block several of these diseases with a single drug. Key Takeaways In 1997, Larry Golbe discovered the Contursi kindred with an inherited form of PD. Mihael Polymeropoulos and Bob Nussbaum pinpointed the mutated gene to a gene called SNCA, which coded for a brain protein called alpha-synuclein. Maria Grazia Spillantini discovered that Lewy bodies are made of alpha-synuclein, demonstrating the critical role of alpha-synuclein in PD. Heiko Braak classified the pathology of PD into six stages, depending on the pattern of Lewy bodies found in the PD patient. In 2003, a group of Mayo Clinic and NIH geneticists discovered another family kindred with an inherited form of PD. The gene is not a mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene. The affected individual has extra copies of the gene in their chromosomes. This discovery showed that you didnt need a mutation to get PD, too much alpha-synuclein can cause PD. The field is now poised to test a series of exciting agents designed to stop the spread of this rogue protein in our bodies and brains.

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension :: essays research papers fc

Primary Pulmonary Hypertension INTRODUCTION A.Each year in the US there are about 300 new cases of PPH diagnosed each year. B.My purpose today is to inform you on the disease PPH C.This topic concerns you because it is a deadly disease that is on the rise. D.Today I will discuss.... 1.What the disease is 2.Causes of PPH 3.Symptoms of PPH 4.Diagnosis 5.Course and Treatment PPH-What is it? Primary(unexplained) pulmonary hypertension (abnormally high blood pressure) is an extremely rare lung disorder. Pulmonary hypertension occurs when there are changes in small blood vessels in the lungs resulting in an increased resistance to move enough blood through the lungs. The resistance places a strain on the right ventricle which must work harder to pump enough blood. If untreated,or if the conditions are generally bad enough,the right side of the heart may fail resulting in death. PPH-What are the causes? There is no definite cause of PPH,but there are possibilities. 1.PPH may be the result of another infection such as heart disease,lung disease,or HIV. 2.PPH may be genetic. A specific chromosome which runs in families is linked to PPH although the type of defect is yet unknown. 3.Familial Inheritance 4.Diet Drugs-By far this is the most known cause. Fen-Phen and Dexfenfluramine,2 diet drugs have been studied and are linked to numbers of cases of pph. These drugs can cause PPH in as little as 23 days the risk increases with the amount of time it is used. 5.Serotonin-Although this is not proved,it is believed that the above diet drugs increase the release of serotonin which is often found in patients transplanted lungs with PPH. It is very possible that this is a cause What are the symptoms of PPH? In the early stages of PPh there are no symptoms. Usually a person will go to the doctor for another disease and will find that it can’t be cured. After numerous tests,PPH is found to be the primary cause. 1.frequent tiredness or tiring easily as if you are out of shape. 2.Difficulty breathing,dizziness,fainting 3.Swelling in ankles/legs,bluish lips and skin 4.chest pain 5.trouble getting air 6.Palpitations-may be so severe that it is compared to a heart attack. How is PPH diagnosed? 1.Electrocardiogram-indicates whether heart is under increased stress 2.PPH is rarely picked up in a routine medical exam. It is usually confused with other heart/lung diseases. 3.Echocardiogram-The doctor uses sound waves to map a structure of the heart and see if the right side is larger. 4.Pulmonary Function Tests-measures lung volume. 5.Right-heart Cardiac Catheterization-A catheter(tube)is placed in the patient’s arm,let,neck...to measure the blood pressure of the right side of the heart. what is the course and Treatment of PPH? PPH starts when a layer of cells in the lungs are damaged.

Relationships in Shakespeares As You Like It Essay -- Shakespeare As

Relationships in As You Like It      Ã‚   "Pronounce that sentence on me, my liege. I cannot live out of her company"(Shakespeare quoted in Norton Anthology 1611). Who made these remarks about the dear Rosalind, was it Celia, the one whom she calls 'coz', or is Orlando the man that she is in love with? The question then becomes if Celia said these words what was her meaning. Is it that Celia is attracted to Rosalind as more than a friend or is this just an example of the female friendships of the time? This is a look at the different dynamics of relationships during the Renaissance. Those relationships of female friends, male bonding and homoeroticism in "As You Like It".    During the Renaissance the friendship between females was very important. At this time in history there came a time when a woman was no longer considered attractive to a man. When she reaches this point the friendship that she forms between herself and another female takes the place of a marriage. "The female friendship seems to appear in a specifically social form of female chastity which revises the characteristic masculinity of friendship rhetoric in the period" (Shannon 658). An example of the friendship that exists between Celia and Rosalind in "As You Like It" can be found in Act 3 scene 4 lines 1-5:    Rosalind: Never talk to me. I will weep." Celia: Do, I prithee, but yet have the grace to consider that tears do not become a man Rosalind: But have I not cause to weep? Celia: As good cause as one would desire; therefore weep (Shakespeare quoted in the Norton Anthology 1634)    In this conversation Celia takes on the masculine role even though it is Rosalind that is dressed as a man. Celia is very strong at a point... ...ts are still present. It is a difficult situation to state if a relationship is truly erotic or if it is only the views that our modern society is placing on it. A society in which sex sells and it doesn't matter who the relationship is between.    Works Cited Sedgwick, Eve. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York. Columbia Univ. Press1985 Shannon, Laurie. Emilia's Argument: Friendship and 'Human Title' in The Two Noble Kinsmen. ELH 64.3 (1997) 657-682 Strout, Nathanial. As You Like It, Rosalynde, and Mutuality. SEL Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 41.2 (2001) 277-295 Traub, Valerie. The Renaissance of Lesbianism in Early Modern England. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 7.2 (2001) 245-263 Walen, Denise. Constructions of Female Homoerotics in Early Modern Drama. Theatre Journal 54.3 (2002) 411-430

divided we speak Essay -- essays research papers

Divided We Speak The "Divided We Speak" PHSCologram tryptich is a unique collaborative study in sculpture, photography, sound and poetry, based on an audience interactive media symphony in six movements, by Miroslaw Rogola. The work was commissioned and shown by the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago in the Fall of 1997. Divided We Speak has been designed to mimic life in the information age. The viewer activates or encounters seemingly random shards of information (sound, computer, and video images) and through experimentation, movement, and mental engagement, creates a unique experience. Another essential consideration for the artist is that each viewer's experience of the artwork is different. Thus while in the public space of the museum, each viewer creates a private space. This exhibition, was mounted to coincide with the annual meeting of the Inter-Society for Electronic Arts (ISEA) in Chicago during the third week of September, explores the edge of technology in a form known as electronic art - artwork realized through computers, video, recorded sound, and other electronic media. Miroslaw Rogala, backed by a team of media innovators and other artists - all major figures in their various fields - has created an interactive multimedia laboratory titled Divided We Speak. This laboratory features the newest in electronic and virtual reality innovations that will be utilized and displayed for the first time in a museum setting. The artist and his team will fine-...

Problems Faced by Female Teachers

gender discrimination Discrimination  is the  prejudicial  or distinguishing treatment of an individual based on his or her membership – or perceived membership – in a certain group or category. It involves the group's initial reaction or interaction, influencing the individual's actual behavior towards the group or the group leader, restricting members of one group from opportunities or privileges that are available to another group, leading to the exclusion of the individual or entities based on logical or irrational decision making.Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices, and laws exist in many countries and  institutions  in every part of the world. In some places, controversial attempts such as  racial quotas  have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination—but have sometimes been called  reverse discrimination  themselves. Though gender discrimination refers to beliefs and  attitudes  in relation to the  ge nder  of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences.Teacher Cadet EssayGender discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes gender discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another gender. Discrimination of that nature is considered a form of  prejudice  and in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Gender discrimination can arise in different contexts.For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or by an employer  not hiring or promoting, unequally paying, or wrongfully terminating, an employee based on her (or his) gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, prog ram, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship because of her/his gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on his or her gender.Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Another setting where there is usually gender discrimination is when one is refused to extend his or her credit, refused approval of credit/loan process, and if there is a burden of unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Socially, gender differences have been used to justify  different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles.While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of cha racteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference. However, there are also some psychological differences in regard to how problems are dealt with and emotional perceptions and reactions that may relate to hormones and the successful characteristics of each gender during longstanding roles in past primitive lifestyles.In the developing countries like Nepal, gender discrimination is one of the major backwards of development. It  describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender. Disparities can include the discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence. Males enjoy a privileged status from their birth whereas females are often ignored and/or are isolated from social interactions. They are not granted the same opportunities in education, and other basic rights are often o verlooked.When a woman gives birth to a son, he is well cared for and is highly regarded by his family and society. On the other hand, in the event that she gives birth to a daughter, she is ignored and poorly regarded. Nepalese society expects females to inhabit with their husband's family and their sons and to continue living in his parent's home. Thus, the maintenance of the family lineage is perpetuated. Daughters are not considered as heirs in the system of Nepali lineage. Nepal’s total population is about 23 million. Out of this about fifty percent is Women. In Nepal, like other developing countries, the state of women is not satisfactory.Male dominated family system provides very little scope for the female to assert their identity. They are marginalized from economic and social opportunities due to illiteracy, poverty and conservative social taboos. The present status of women is said to be strong than the past but it is the same. 32 women have been Members of Parliam ent after restoration of democracy but it is only limited up to the written forms but not so practically. The status of women is the same as it used to be in the past. My neighbor is a pretty woman who has been living near me for 5 years.Her mother in law tortures her for not giving a birth to a boy child. As she has already given birth to two girl child. So they warned her that if next time she does not give birth to a boy then she has to leave the home and her husband will marry another woman. So she in the fear of losing her husband was ready to give birth to another child but unfortunately she got miscarriage and she got admitted to the hospital. The family members in this situation rather than consoling the women they didn’t cared about her and left her in the hospital. After few days the husband got married to another woman .They didn’t allow her to enter the house and meet her daughters. Men can leave their wives for petty reasons such as if they fail to give bi rth to a male heir. Socially and economically men are always considered as superior to women, breadwinner, head of the family and the care taker and this is major cause for the low participation of women in every sector. This is only one example from our society there are several such discriminations and crimes happening in our society for several reasons. Not only in Nepal but throughout the world females are being dominated by males.It is time that Nepalese men understood the value of their women and respected them for what they are. After all, their mothers were also born as girls. The prevailing unfair social and labour relations compounded by unequal power structure and patriarchal thinking contribute to the sorry situation of girls in Nepal. Social attitude towards girls is still regressive. Majority of girls are denied care, education, health service, recreation and other basic services right from the birth. The environment in which they are living is not conducive for physic al and cognitive growth.Moreover, the atmosphere that prevails at home, family, community and at the national level obstruct the path of overall development of girls. If we fail to properly analyze the nature and form of the problems and the reasons for such a situation of girls, not only will we be unable to ensure a bright future of our girls, but we will fail to ensure a secure future for our women and mothers. This means the movement for women’s liberation will barely be able to keep its head above troubled water. Following facts reveal the situation of the girl children in Nepal. a. Population:  Girls in Nepal consist 50 per cent of the total child population. CBS) ————————————————- In every thousand children Boys  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Girls Infant mortality rate (IMR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  144. 50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   150. 38 Child mortality rate (U5MR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  108. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   133. 00 b. Gender Discrimination/Son Preference:  Discrimination of girls is rampant in every sector of society. Son preference is very high. According to the 2001 census, the national ratio of boys and girls is 100:101, while in some districts such as Far West Kailali it is 100:84. c. Literacy Rate:  Literacy rate of girls is 42 per cent compared to 65 per cent among boys.In Nepal, primary school going girls is 74 per cent compared to 86 per cent boys. (MOE 2003) d. Child Malnutrition:  Child malnutrition in Nepal is 56. 2 per cent in which the state of girls is more vulnerable than boys. Statistics on breast feeding indicate that 51 per cent male children are breast fed, while its number is only 43 per cent among female children. e. Child Sexual exploitation:  Almost 40 per cent of s urvivors of child sexual abuse and rape are girls below 18 years. Most of them are abused at home, in educational institutions, work places or any given place. They are insecure in all these places. CWIN 2008) f. Child Marriage:  34 per cent of total marriages in Nepal are with girls below 16 years. Some 7 per cent of child marriages take place with children below 10 years. (UNICEF 2005). Existing practices of dowry in many parts of the country further provokes child marriages in the society. g. Child Labor Exploitation:  Most household chores and child rearing activities are the responsibility of girls. Girls aged between 10-14 years work double compared to boys in the same age group. It is also reported that 2. 6 million Nepali children are working in different fields of labor.Amongst these 56% are reported to be girls. (ILO-IPEC, 2001) h. Bonded Labour:  Labour bondage still persists in the form of ‘Kamlari’ in the eastern part of Nepal, where girls are kept in the households of their ‘masters’ to serve them. i. Girl Trafficking:  Girls are trafficked for different purposes including domestic work, forced beggary, marriage, carpet weaving and sex trade. About 20 per cent (i. e. 40,000) of the total trafficked women for sex trade are girls below 16 years. (CWIN 2006) Annually approximately 12,000 girl children and women are trafficked. (ILO, Problems Faced by Female Teachers gender discrimination Discrimination  is the  prejudicial  or distinguishing treatment of an individual based on his or her membership – or perceived membership – in a certain group or category. It involves the group's initial reaction or interaction, influencing the individual's actual behavior towards the group or the group leader, restricting members of one group from opportunities or privileges that are available to another group, leading to the exclusion of the individual or entities based on logical or irrational decision making.Discriminatory traditions, policies, ideas, practices, and laws exist in many countries and  institutions  in every part of the world. In some places, controversial attempts such as  racial quotas  have been used to redress negative effects of discrimination—but have sometimes been called  reverse discrimination  themselves. Though gender discrimination refers to beliefs and  attitudes  in relation to the  ge nder  of a person, such beliefs and attitudes are of a social nature and do not, normally, carry any legal consequences.Teacher Cadet EssayGender discrimination, on the other hand, may have legal consequences. Though what constitutes gender discrimination varies between countries, the essence is that it is an adverse action taken by one person against another person that would not have occurred had the person been of another gender. Discrimination of that nature is considered a form of  prejudice  and in certain enumerated circumstances is illegal in many countries. Gender discrimination can arise in different contexts.For instance an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory questions during a job interview, or by an employer  not hiring or promoting, unequally paying, or wrongfully terminating, an employee based on her (or his) gender. In an educational setting there could be claims that a student was excluded from an educational institution, prog ram, opportunity, loan, student group, or scholarship because of her/his gender. In the housing setting there could be claims that a person was refused negotiations on seeking a house, contracting/leasing a house or getting a loan based on his or her gender.Another setting where there have been claims of gender discrimination is banking; for example if one is refused credit or is offered unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Another setting where there is usually gender discrimination is when one is refused to extend his or her credit, refused approval of credit/loan process, and if there is a burden of unequal loan terms based on one’s gender. Socially, gender differences have been used to justify  different roles for men and women, in some cases giving rise to claims of primary and secondary roles.While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of cha racteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference. However, there are also some psychological differences in regard to how problems are dealt with and emotional perceptions and reactions that may relate to hormones and the successful characteristics of each gender during longstanding roles in past primitive lifestyles.In the developing countries like Nepal, gender discrimination is one of the major backwards of development. It  describes the absence of obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on gender. Disparities can include the discrimination in terms of opportunities, resources, services, benefits, decision-making power and influence. Males enjoy a privileged status from their birth whereas females are often ignored and/or are isolated from social interactions. They are not granted the same opportunities in education, and other basic rights are often o verlooked.When a woman gives birth to a son, he is well cared for and is highly regarded by his family and society. On the other hand, in the event that she gives birth to a daughter, she is ignored and poorly regarded. Nepalese society expects females to inhabit with their husband's family and their sons and to continue living in his parent's home. Thus, the maintenance of the family lineage is perpetuated. Daughters are not considered as heirs in the system of Nepali lineage. Nepal’s total population is about 23 million. Out of this about fifty percent is Women. In Nepal, like other developing countries, the state of women is not satisfactory.Male dominated family system provides very little scope for the female to assert their identity. They are marginalized from economic and social opportunities due to illiteracy, poverty and conservative social taboos. The present status of women is said to be strong than the past but it is the same. 32 women have been Members of Parliam ent after restoration of democracy but it is only limited up to the written forms but not so practically. The status of women is the same as it used to be in the past. My neighbor is a pretty woman who has been living near me for 5 years.Her mother in law tortures her for not giving a birth to a boy child. As she has already given birth to two girl child. So they warned her that if next time she does not give birth to a boy then she has to leave the home and her husband will marry another woman. So she in the fear of losing her husband was ready to give birth to another child but unfortunately she got miscarriage and she got admitted to the hospital. The family members in this situation rather than consoling the women they didn’t cared about her and left her in the hospital. After few days the husband got married to another woman .They didn’t allow her to enter the house and meet her daughters. Men can leave their wives for petty reasons such as if they fail to give bi rth to a male heir. Socially and economically men are always considered as superior to women, breadwinner, head of the family and the care taker and this is major cause for the low participation of women in every sector. This is only one example from our society there are several such discriminations and crimes happening in our society for several reasons. Not only in Nepal but throughout the world females are being dominated by males.It is time that Nepalese men understood the value of their women and respected them for what they are. After all, their mothers were also born as girls. The prevailing unfair social and labour relations compounded by unequal power structure and patriarchal thinking contribute to the sorry situation of girls in Nepal. Social attitude towards girls is still regressive. Majority of girls are denied care, education, health service, recreation and other basic services right from the birth. The environment in which they are living is not conducive for physic al and cognitive growth.Moreover, the atmosphere that prevails at home, family, community and at the national level obstruct the path of overall development of girls. If we fail to properly analyze the nature and form of the problems and the reasons for such a situation of girls, not only will we be unable to ensure a bright future of our girls, but we will fail to ensure a secure future for our women and mothers. This means the movement for women’s liberation will barely be able to keep its head above troubled water. Following facts reveal the situation of the girl children in Nepal. a. Population:  Girls in Nepal consist 50 per cent of the total child population. CBS) ————————————————- In every thousand children Boys  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Girls Infant mortality rate (IMR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  144. 50  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   150. 38 Child mortality rate (U5MR)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  108. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   133. 00 b. Gender Discrimination/Son Preference:  Discrimination of girls is rampant in every sector of society. Son preference is very high. According to the 2001 census, the national ratio of boys and girls is 100:101, while in some districts such as Far West Kailali it is 100:84. c. Literacy Rate:  Literacy rate of girls is 42 per cent compared to 65 per cent among boys.In Nepal, primary school going girls is 74 per cent compared to 86 per cent boys. (MOE 2003) d. Child Malnutrition:  Child malnutrition in Nepal is 56. 2 per cent in which the state of girls is more vulnerable than boys. Statistics on breast feeding indicate that 51 per cent male children are breast fed, while its number is only 43 per cent among female children. e. Child Sexual exploitation:  Almost 40 per cent of s urvivors of child sexual abuse and rape are girls below 18 years. Most of them are abused at home, in educational institutions, work places or any given place. They are insecure in all these places. CWIN 2008) f. Child Marriage:  34 per cent of total marriages in Nepal are with girls below 16 years. Some 7 per cent of child marriages take place with children below 10 years. (UNICEF 2005). Existing practices of dowry in many parts of the country further provokes child marriages in the society. g. Child Labor Exploitation:  Most household chores and child rearing activities are the responsibility of girls. Girls aged between 10-14 years work double compared to boys in the same age group. It is also reported that 2. 6 million Nepali children are working in different fields of labor.Amongst these 56% are reported to be girls. (ILO-IPEC, 2001) h. Bonded Labour:  Labour bondage still persists in the form of ‘Kamlari’ in the eastern part of Nepal, where girls are kept in the households of their ‘masters’ to serve them. i. Girl Trafficking:  Girls are trafficked for different purposes including domestic work, forced beggary, marriage, carpet weaving and sex trade. About 20 per cent (i. e. 40,000) of the total trafficked women for sex trade are girls below 16 years. (CWIN 2006) Annually approximately 12,000 girl children and women are trafficked. (ILO,

National Service Essay

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